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Geogrid and reinforced soil: how a block wall gets tall

A segmental block wall over about a metre high is not held up by its blocks. It is held up by the soil behind it, made to work by geogrid. Geogrid is a high-strength polymer mesh laid flat into the compacted backfill at set levels, with its front edge locked into the block courses. Each layer ties a slab of soil to the face, and together the layers turn a wedge of ground behind the wall into a reinforced mass that stands on its own. The engineer sets the grid strength, the length back into the bank and the vertical spacing from the wall height, the soil and any surcharge. The practical consequences are real: the excavation behind the wall is as deep as the grid is long, backfill is placed and compacted in layers between grids, and the programme runs course by course. That is the trade for a slim, finished masonry face at heights of several metres.

How it works

Soil is strong in compression and weak in tension. Geogrid supplies the tension. Laid horizontally and compacted into the fill, it grips the soil along its whole length; connected to the block face, it stops the face from moving outward. The result is a composite mass, wide and heavy, that resists overturning and sliding far better than a stack of blocks could.

What it means on site

The excavation behind the wall must extend the full grid length, which can be most of the wall height. Backfill goes in lifts of a few hundred millimetres, compacted, with a grid layer at each specified course. Plant cannot run over the grid until it is covered. It is methodical work, and it is why a reinforced wall takes longer per metre than a gravity wall of the same face.

When you do not need it

Below about a metre a segmental wall stands as a gravity structure. Mass systems such as Keymass and crib block reach height on their own weight and geometry without geogrid, which is why they suit sites where the excavation behind a reinforced wall is not possible.

Questions we are asked

How far back does the geogrid go?
Typically a large fraction of the wall height, set by the engineer for the soil and surcharge. On a three-metre wall the grid may extend two metres or more into the bank.
Can geogrid be used with any block?
Segmental systems such as Keystone and Allan Block are designed for it, with a connection between the grid and the block courses. Crib and Keymass walls normally do not need it.

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